Angie Evans, Washington, DC, SSH Blog Correspondent

Halfway through our trip to the Philippines, I forced myself to change. I didn’t have a near death experience or attend transcendental meditation. I questioned myself because I was looking around a strip club that doubled as a midget boxing ring and realized that I hadn’t looked any of the female servers in the eyes. Eye contact is the most important nonverbal human interaction we can have with one another and I was unconsciously refusing to participate because I was uncomfortable. I forced myself to stop and talk with the next server who walked by. Half naked, she sat next to me, relieved for a moment to rest her feet.

The Philippines is simultaneously known for two cultural norms: matriarchy and male-domination. Although Filipino women have maintained a higher level of status than many other countries in Asia because of bilateral kinship, women continue to demonstrate these dueling norms. Based on a Grant Thornton International Business Report, 40% of senior roles in the Philippines are filled by women and 7% of the CEO’s in the country are women[1]. Why then has 1 in 5 experienced violence at home and 30-40% sexually harassed in the workplace?[2]

Power is closely linked with physical and sexual violence. “Sexual harassment is a subtle rape, and rape is more about fear than sex,” said Dr. John Gottman, a psychologist at the University of Washington. “Harassment is a way for a man to make a woman vulnerable.” And street sexual harassment is not just an annoyance; it’s a degradation that slowly chips away at your safety and self-worth.

The sex industry in the Philippines is world-famous and accounts for nearly 40% of male tourism there.[3] The single biggest factor in a man, woman, or child entering the sex trade is poverty. And 1 in 5 families in the Philippines fall below the poverty line.[4] This means that a family of 5 makes less than $175 a month. In 2012, analysts estimated that these families need about 26% more income each month to get out of poverty. That’s only about $45 a month for us but it’s an impossible amount for many others.

It’s not surprising then that in a city like Manila, with so many powerful women and such high poverty, an entire empire of sexual subordination has grown. Some estimate that there are nearly 800,000 Filipino prostitutes[5]. For these women and men, this is a substantial income for their families – keeping them out of poverty and providing for a good chunk of the remittances that are sent back to the Philippines. The economic base of sex work cannot be denied so how then can Congress deny the need to make it minimally safe?

Many cited that women’s safety as the reason for passing the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995, the first of it’s kind in the country. Interestingly though, it makes no attempt to end street harassment or to make it better for women in their clearly growing sex industry. That is why after 18 years, many are calling for an expansion of the law.

National women’s groups, policy organizations, and a small group of unionized sex workers have each laid out measures that could strengthen the nation’s enforcement and protections against sexual harassment. The House and the Senate hasn’t pursued any of the suggested measures but my hope is that the Philippine government is able to humble itself and hear the plea from this diverse interest group. You never know what your impact will be when you pause your own habits.

Ngwentah Berlyne Ngwalem, Buea, Cameroon, SSH Blog Correspondent

Many cultures have placed inconceivable restrictions on women’s choices and bodies. I remember being told firmly and reassuringly by men that I would never see a Muslim woman who is covered get sexually harassed. Of course with the knowledge and opinion I have about harassment – that it has to do with male dominant control over women — I knew their assumptions were ignorant. But it pushed me to want to understand more about why people think women in more conservative cultures like in the Cameroonian Muslim community and Muslim cultures globally still get harassed and have their bodies and dress code choices policed, which seems to be a progressive act.

I had no idea that women who got sexually harassed while wearing a hijab could still be told that they tempted men because they were not wearing the Nijab until an Egyptian-based women and human rights defender, Angie told me this recently. I was shocked to hear of the senseless demands placed on women by society, demands that keep increasing each day.

I’ve been holding discussion sessions with many individuals hoping to understand why the subject of women’s mode of dressing is usually used as an excuse to commit crimes against them and skillfully deny them access to enjoy public freedom and safety.

A reference was made to the recent law in Saudi Arabia banning women’s “tempting eyes” as a symbol of society’s desire to someday see women disappear from the surface of the earth. What I wanted to find out was exactly what the people in my society thought of these demands placed on women bymany societies which never seems to be good enough or act as an assurance that women will be secured and free in public space.

Knowing the thoughts of our country’s peopleabout the fact that Muslim women still get sexually harassed while fully covered is also crucial in making my point that adress code policing women in Cameroon is senseless. Women are refused access into offices, churches, Universities and it is okay to catch and jail women with the excuse that they would cause men to lose focus and think only of having sex with these women.

“Muslim men have a very high libido, way higher than that of Christian men. Muslim men cannot control themselves with the kind of extremely high libido they have, that is why Muslim women need to cover their bodies completely so that they can be safe and not be sexually harassed by their men,”one young man explained to me.

As if that was not a disturbing excuse which shows people’s lack of ability to question societal constraints placed on women for no befitting reason in many cultures- with no interest seeking to understand why these things happen mostly  to women globally and join in the fight against such norms that are put in place to ensure women know no peace, another young woman said,  “They get sexually harassed because though they cover their body, their faces are still exposed and since they are so pretty men get tempted by their beauty.”

There is a common believe in Cameroon that Muslim women generally are more attractive than any other race of women in the world. Muslim women both in and out of Cameroon are considered by many to have a certain facial structure which is usually long and small and considered to be a more attractive face type.

Another man explained to me that, a certain type of dressing in the Muslim culture signifies that a woman is single, so when she goes out men will likely sexually harass her because they are aware she is not married.

It is hard to explain how all the Christians I conversed with spoke of these Muslim men as if they know them so well. It is hard to comprehend how Cameroonians will condemn women for not dressing well as a reason they are sexually harassed.

And set an example for Cameroonian Christian women to follow by using the modest dressing of Muslim women, then when they are enlightened that Muslim women get sexually harassed despite the fact that they are covered, they still blame these Muslim women instead, not the men for not covering themselves well enough.

I was demoralized at the fact that most peoples’ responses just seemed to be making excuses for men except for one man who thought differently about harassment in the Muslim community being a symbol of masculine dominance. As he opines, “Muslim women still get street/sexually harassed because Muslim men believe that women were created for their pleasure so they assume they have full control over them.”

I was at least relieved that there was one person amongst the groups of people I spoke to who did not blame women for being the cause of their sexual harassment in public places.

Berlyne is a Cameroonian-based women’s human rights activist, passionate and determined to put an end to social injustice of any kind. You can find her on twitter @Luvequalityrule and Facebook.

Siel Devos, London, England, SSH Blog Correspondent

By now, everyone has seen the video of a woman walking around New York for 10 hours and getting harassed over a hundred times.

But did you also know there has been a response in the form of a video of a woman walking through New York wearing hijab? The first 5 hours she is shown walking without hijab, experiencing harassment similar to the original video. However for the next 5 hours, when she does wear the hijab and niqab, she is miraculously not subjected to harassment at all.

The video says “you be the judge” implying that it is obvious to see that the only way to be free from harassment is covering yourself up. Once again, women are shamed and blamed – by both men and women – for bringing harassment upon themselves, merely by what they are or are not wearing. Once again people fail to acknowledge the real issue that is street harassment: the ingrained idea of entitlement and power over women and the fact that harassment is so normalized in both Western and Middle Eastern culture.

Victim blaming happens often when addressing sexual crimes and harassment, and even more in the cultural and social context of Islamic societies where women are seen as sexual creatures who are to blame for inciting men’s sexual urges. The idea of modesty and the concept of honour and shame regarding women’s bodies as a means of protecting women does nothing to solve the problem, rather it reinforces rape culture by always putting the blame on them.

The underlying meaning of this ‘modesty’ is that “good” women are those who cover up and belong to a man, “bad” women don’t cover up which implies that they are available to all men. In other words, respect for women depends mostly on their way of dressing as expected and imposed by men. Victim blaming and slut-shaming are very close related when talking about harassment. The notion of the male gaze becomes crucial here, and I very much agree with what the (anonymous) blogger behind A Sober Second Look says about this:

“What we didn’t notice was that regardless of whether we were measuring ourselves against a more or a less restrictive check-list determining “proper hijab,” we were nonetheless forever measuring ourselves in terms of an imagined male gaze, which we had internalized. We told ourselves that this had nothing to do with the male gaze, because what we were concerned with ultimately was obeying God. But coincidentally enough, the gaze that those check-lists had in mind was the male gaze. According to those check-lists, a woman has to always be aware if her clothing is “too” tight, “too” bright, “too” short, “too” fashionable, “too” eye-catching, “too” insufficiently Muslim… mainly, in the judgment of men—the generations of male scholars who had debated and determined these matters, and the male leaders of our community—and to a lesser extent, of a censorious and judgmental community generally.”

Going back to the message of the hijab video, “you be the judge” which implies that the hijab functions as a kind of invisibility cloak that magically protects against harassment and the male gaze. Problem solved then? Not really. How do you explain that 99.3% of Egyptian women experience harassment, when the majority of them wears the hijab?

The Qur’an and Hadith suggest that both women and men dress modestly in order not to incite sexual urges (an inherent natural aspect of human beings, both men and women). Maybe men who are shaming women for not wearing the hijab and saying this is required by the Qur’an haven’t read the Qur’an properly, as in the same chapter it is recommended that men lower their gaze. Other chapters in the Qur’an encourage men to respect women and treat them kindly. So why are we not addressing this blatant violation of Islamic doctrine? When are we going to focus on changing men’s behaviour and attitude instead of simply blaming women’s appearance and modesty?

Siel is a master’s student in Middle Eastern studies with a major in contemporary Islam at SOAS University in London. Find her on twitter and instagram under @mademoisielle.