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Part 1: Sexual Harassment of Women in India: A Violation of Personal and Public Space

May 24, 2016 By HKearl

Manish Madan, Ph.D, USA, SSH Blog Correspondent

Benjamin Franklin once said, “In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.” If he were a woman in current times, I wonder if this adage would have been stated as, “… nothing is certain except for death, taxes and sexual harassment.” Such is the prevalence of sexual harassment for women not only in the US, but globally.

Various research studies have reported the pervasiveness of sexual harassment within schools, colleges, workplace including in the US military. There are also documented reports of sexual harassment in public spaces worldwide, for example in France, China, Pakistan, Egypt, London, India, and Iran to name a few.

Sexual harassment of women influences job satisfaction, anxiety, depression, physical and mental health, constant stress leading to burnout. Research has also shown evidence of sexual harassment’s association with negative emotions such as fear, shame, anger, and guilt. There is a growing body of literature highlighting sexual harassment’s role in alleviating one’s helplessness to developing post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Needless to say, women are the primary victims and males are mostly the offenders.

In India, the horrific Delhi Gang-Rape of 2012 resulted in the 23-year old woman losing her life. If there is anything positive that resulted from this incident – it is perhaps that this brought the crime against women to the forefront, a much needed impetus.

In my view, it also gave the feminist movement a big push where the young, old, men and women alike were on the streets demanding a basic human right, that is, “safety and security in public spaces.” In the same breath, I am very apologetic for finding a positive in this gruesome event, a human life is far too valuable to be sacrificed for people to start ruffling their feathers toward an important social change.

Notwithstanding my personal position, one thing is apparent that since this incident, the sexual offenses (from rape to assault to insulting the modesty of a women) have alarmingly increased, both at a national level and within the capital city. Do we take pride in a higher reporting and that law enforcement is perhaps taking more complaints, or we feel just about ashamed at these growing numbers and do nothing? Or chart a future course with policy-driven initiatives grounded in empirical evidence?

Indiasexoffense

Source: National Crime Record Bureau (India): 2006–2014.

Let me assert that the problem in India is not the laws or its lack thereof. According to the Indian Penal Code (IPC), sexual offences comprise rape (Sec. 375, Sec. 376 IPC); attempt to commit rape, assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty (Sec. 354 IPC) and insult to the modesty of women (Sec. 509 IPC). An offence of rape under sec 376 warrants a fine with rigorous imprisonment of a term not less than seven years, but may also extend to imprisonment for life. The Indian legal system does provide protection and remedial against sexual harassment including many serious sexual offenses. However, the pervasive occurrence of sexual violence in India exists for reasons that are beyond the mere existence of the laws. A Washington Post story attributed it to a few female police officers, a sluggish court system, few convictions, and low status of women in the Indian society among several other factors. For the purpose of this write up, it is my hope that both men and women become aware of the pertinent laws.

Read Part 2.

Manish is a Professor of Criminal Justice at Stockton University where his research focuses on examining sexual harassment, gender empowerment, spousal abuse and policing issues. You can follow him @Prof_Madan or reach out to him at www.manishmadan.com.

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Filed Under: correspondents Tagged With: India

India: The Challenges Reporting Sexual Harassment

May 14, 2016 By Correspondent

Tharunya Balan, Bangalore, India, SSH Blog Correspondent

Trigger Warning

Verbal Harassment - IndiaThe 2012 case of the young woman who was fatally raped and assaulted on a bus in the Indian city of Delhi led to a number of decisions made at the State and Central levels to address violence against women, including several new laws against rape and sexual assault. The new laws include specific mentions of sexual harassment, voyeurism and stalking as punishable offences.

The publicity and international attention around the issue has led to more open conversation on the subject and encouraged more (mostly educated) women to report sexual assault and harassment. Unfortunately, passing laws to criminalize behaviour does little to change the prevalent rape culture and attitudes towards women held by much of the population. Even judges in other countries seem to assume that Indian culture means men simply do not understand boundaries and so cannot be held accountable for their actions.

In May of 2015, Amnesty International India approached the feminist magazine The Ladies Finger about their upcoming Ready to Report initiative, aimed at making it easier for victims of sexual harassment and assault to report incidents to the police. The online magazine then threw their doors open to people who had experienced sexual assault or harassment, and asked if they had tales to tell.

The stories published (a woman assaulted in a car, a woman molested by a friend she was visiting, a woman stalked by an old classmate, a woman molested on the street by a stranger, a team of journalists stalked and harassed by a stranger) include examples of the victims being interviewed in front of their attackers, of them being forced to recount the most intimate details of their assaults in front of a station full of curious policemen, of being browbeaten into recanting or rewriting their stories, and of their being treated as overreactions to minor annoyances, and the police taking it upon themselves to mete out justice as they saw fit.

The campaign also included a twitter hashtag that paints a depressing picture of the narratives that surround victims and stories of sexual assault in the country. Women are hesitant to speak up for a number of reasons, ranging from the fear of reprisals, the social stigma around sexual assault, the fear of being slut shamed for their choices, the stress of filing and following reports while fearing more harassment at the hands of the police force, the fear of negative media attention, and the fear of not being supported by friends and family, and the horror that surrounds medical examinations.

The founder of The Ladies Finger, Nisha Susan writes:

“The variables that affect whether an Indian woman’s claim is taken seriously by the police range considerably, from class, caste, the site of the assault, to the time of day. The more familiar the complainant was with the assaulter/ rapist/ stalker the less likely she was to successfully register a case. Our findings backed up results from the more rigorous studies undertaken by activists: in the legal system, you are likely to fare better if you have been violently assaulted by a working-class stranger in a public place.” (emphasis mine)

This only underscores the fact that marital rape is not a punishable offence, or indeed, a term recognized by the law at all, and it explains why so many reports of stalking are ignored or not taken seriously.

#SafeCity
#SafeCity

There is a lack of genuine discussion around the way women and women’s bodies are perceived in this country. The original text of the law (section 354 of the Indian Penal Code) defines as criminal the “assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty”, and it is this idea of “modesty” in the India context that is still such a sticking point. It is this idea that lies at the heart of the victim blaming, the slut shaming, and the dehumanizing treatment of rape and assault victims when they do come forward.

It is not just female victims who suffer under our archaic ideas of modesty and bodily autonomy. The sections of the Indian Penal Code that refer to rape are not gender neutral, and they do not acknowledge male victims of rape. There is something deeply embarrassing about a country whose leaders and whose laws are the equivalent of an ostrich sticking its head in the sand and pretending that what it sees does not exist. Treating sex as a taboo, refusing to understand the spectrums of gender and sexuality, ignoring the contradictions between what is portrayed in our media and what is taught to our children in schools and homes, and

What we are in dire need of in our country is real sex education: real conversations on consent and real understandings of the ways in which someone’s body and person can be violated by another’s actions.

Tharunya is an urban planner and architect with a passion for issues of social, environmental and spatial justice, including the gendered ways in which urban spaces are designed and function. She has a bachelor’s degree in architecture and a master’s degree in City and Regional Planning from the Georgia Institute of Technology, where she will be returning to obtain a degree in Geographic Infomations Systems Technology later this year. 

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Filed Under: correspondents Tagged With: India, reporting

End of April 2016 News

April 30, 2016 By HKearl

More recent news:

USA Today, “China introduces female-only bus service“

“A female-only bus service aimed at protecting women from sexual harassment launched this week in China, drawing praise and criticism.

The Zhengzhou 3rd bus company introduced the service on a popular route in the central city of Zhengzhou. It will run during busy commuting hours until early August.

“During the summer, women usually wear thinner clothes, making it easier for them to be harassed in crowded buses. … The all-female service will increase their convenience and safety,” said Kong Chaoping, the firm’s chairman, according to the Beijing Youth Daily newspaper.

The buses are recognizable by their big red signs that read, “Female-only.” They have stuffed animals and other kids’ toys suspended from the ceiling.

Sexual harassment is a common yet largely ignored problem on China’s public transportation system. More than 50% of women have experienced inappropriate touching or body contact while using the country’s trains and buses, a survey by the China Youth Daily newspaper found last year.

In 2014, the Women’s Federation of Guangzhou, a state-affiliated group, found that 85% of all sexual assaults in Guangzhou, a city in southern China, occurred while victims used the city’s public transportation network.”

Quartz, “Thousands of Mexican women are talking about sexual harassment for the first time“

“Rarely publicly acknowledged in Mexico, sexual harassment is being surfaced via Twitter hashtag #MiPrimerAcoso, or #MyFirstHarassment, by women posting their first experiences with male bullying and by others wanting to have an open discussion. Hundreds of thousands of posts have circulated in the last three days.

The drive, started by a Colombian columnist (link in Spanish) on Saturday, is reinforcing the issue after demonstrations Sunday (April 24) in Mexico City and other major cities attracted thousands of women. The Twitter record, a poignant collection of heartfelt confidences, will probably prove more powerful…

#MiPrimerAcoso reveals that many women first experienced harassment as girls, as young as five and six years old. The perpetrators of the abuse span a wide range, from relatives—older cousins and uncles are mentioned frequently—to policemen, to random strangers, and in one case, a therapist.”

Waging Nonviolence, “Mexican feminists declare a ‘violet spring’ on nationwide day of action“

“Tens of thousands of feminists protested across Mexico on Sunday, amid what they say is an epidemic of violence against women.

“We’re sick of suffering all kinds of abuse when we just walk in the street,” said Mari, a protester in the central Mexican city of Puebla, who was joined by hundreds of activists in Puebla’s city center, demanding justice for victims of femicide.

When the march reached the state government offices, activists accused local authorities of failing to bring perpetrators of violence to justice. One masked protester shouted, “The government here in Puebla lets them get away with impunity,” adding, “This isn’t just in Puebla, but all of Mexico.”

Declaring a “violet spring,” protesters called on women across Mexico to take a stand against sexism. One of the largest protests took place in Mexico City, where organizers railed against Mexico’s traditionally machista, or sexist, culture.

“It is evident that we need social re-education — to teach men not to harass, not violate, not hit, not threaten, not enslave, not abuse and not kill women and girls,” organizers said in a statement.”

The Verge, “India mandates panic button on all phones to help keep women safe“

“All mobile phones sold in India will be required to have a panic button as of next year, the country’s telecommunications ministry announced this week, as part of an effort to enhance safety for women. As Bloomberg reports, the order requires handset makers to implement an emergency feature that could be activated by holding down the numbers 5 or 9 on a keypad. The function will be mandatory on all phones by January 1st, 2017, while GPS navigation systems will be mandatory on all devices by 2018.

Women’s safety in India has drawn worldwide attention following reports of gang rapes and other forms of violence. There were more than 330,000 reported cases of violence against women in 2014, according to government statistics, up 9 percent from the previous year. The issue has spurred some companies to develop apps and services that make it easier for women to contact emergency services. India’s minister for women and child development, Maneka Gandhi, pushed for mandated panic buttons last year.”

‘Technology is solely meant to make human life better and what better than using it for the security of women,’ Communications Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said in a statement.”

attn: “This Man’s Attempt to Take Upskirt Photos Just Backfired in an Extreme Way“

“A shocking piece of footage, in which a man eats his camera’s memory card after being caught allegedly filming upskirt videos, is gaining international attention.

According to the Chinese Publication People’s Daily, the video was filmed by a woman caught the alleged Peeping Tom in the act while riding the subway. The woman who shot the footage goes by the name Xiao Cha Cha A, Daily Mail reports. She posted the video on the Chinese social media service Weibo, with a caption reading, “I had tried to block his view a few times but he kept on taking them. I must expose him!”

In the video, the Xiao Cha Cha A is seen tugging at the man’s bag, and yelling, “delete the pictures, delete them. Look everybody, here is a pervert who takes upskirt pictures of women,” Daily Mail reports.

The man then eats his SD card. It is unclear if the woman forces him to do so, or if he eats the card voluntarily to destroy the evidence. In the final seconds of the 1:01-long video, the man can be seen fleeing the subway car.”

The Source, “[Los Angeles] Metro’s new anti-sexual harassment video“

“Metro launched its “Off Limits” campaign last spring in an effort to reduce sexual harassment on buses and trains. The campaign was a direct response to riders identifying this as an issue in Metro’s customer surveys.”

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Filed Under: News stories Tagged With: china, India, los angeles, mexico, phone app, public transit

Bonus Day: International Anti-Street Harassment Week

April 18, 2016 By HKearl

Even though April 16 was the official end of International Anti-Street Harassment Week, a few more events took place on April 17.

Women for a Change held a workshop for youth in Buea, Cameroon.

4.17.16 Women for a Change Cameroon youth workshop 3 4.17.16 Women for a Change Cameroon youth workshop 4 4.17.16 Women for a Change Cameroon youth workshop

Hollaback! Ottawa hosted a chalkwalk in Ottawa, Canada.

4.17.16 HB Ottawa sidewalk chalking, canada 4.17.16 HB Ottawa sidewalk chalking, canada 7 4.17.16 HB Ottawa sidewalk chalking, canada 3

Also, many virtual campaigns took place across the week:

OCAC Bolivia:

4.13.16 OCAC Bolivia 2 4.13.16 OCAC Bolivia 3 4.13.16 OCAC Bolivia

Hollaback! Cuenca, Ecuador:

4.12.16 Hollaback Cuenca - Ecuador 9 4.14.16 Hollaback Cuenca - Ecuador 2 4.14.16 Hollaback Cuenca - Ecuador 9

HarassMap in Egypt:

4.11.16 Imprint Movement - 'It's ok' won't help her getting her right back, an official complaint will get it 4.12.16 Imprint Movement - 'The law in on your side... Speak UP' 4.13.16 HarassMap Egypt - 82 percent of bystanders dont intervene bc they think SH is not a big deal

Stop Harcelement de Rue, Paris, France:

4.12.16 Paris, France 8 4.12.16 Paris, France 4 4.12.16 Paris, France 3

OCAC Guatemala:

4.13.16 OCAC Guatemala 2 4.13.16 OCAC Guatemala 3 4.13.16 OCAC Guatemala

OCAC Nicaragua:

4.17.16 Observatorio Contra el Acoso Callejero Nicaragua 7 4.17.16 Observatorio Contra el Acoso Callejero Nicaragua 4 4.17.16 Observatorio Contra el Acoso Callejero Nicaragua 5

Safecity India, #MySafeCity:

 4.16.16 Our Program and Outreach Officer in Mumbai, Anu Salelkar's safe city is one where more women and girls occupy public spaces. India, Safecity  4.16.16 Soumodeep's safe city treats accidents as crimes and not as political issues. India, Safecity  4.16.16 Elsa Marie D'silva. India, Safecity
Touching - India 4.14.16 Safecity India Verbal Harassment - India

Mexico. 20 women living in Mexico City from different ages, occupations and backgrounds worked together towards the development of a campaign against sexual harassment, “Space is public, my body is not”. The artwork consists of a series of photographs created by the visual artist Cerrucha :

Cronopio Azul ‏-Mexico Cronopio Azul ‏-Mexico 1

Nepal. #VoicesinCrisis:

4.12.16 Voices in Crisis Nepal 17 4.12.16 Voices in Crisis Nepal 12 4.12.16 Voices in Crisis Nepal 7

The Philippines, Stand Up, Speak Out- From Streets to Schools – a campaign of the Game Changers with the UN Safe Cities Metro Manila Programme:

4.13.16 Stand Up, Speak Out- From Streets to Schools - a campaign of the Game Changers with Safe Cities Metro Manila 4 4.14.16 Stand Up, Speak Out- From Streets to Schools - a campaign of the Game Changers with Safe Cities Metro Manila 5 4.13.16 Stand Up, Speak Out- From Streets to Schools - a campaign of the Game Changers with Safe Cities Metro Manila 8
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Filed Under: anti-street harassment week Tagged With: Bolivia, cameroon, canada, ecuador, Egypt, India, mexico, Nepal, philippines

Day 2: International Anti-Street Harassment Week

April 11, 2016 By HKearl

4.10.16 Nufoshey firstharassedWelcome to Day 2!

Here are photos from the week so far! Also, check out the 7 easy ways to respond to street harassers video our board members Erin McKelle and Manuel Abril created.

We had a Tweet Chat today at 11 a.m. ET led by Sayfty, with #EndSH, #SayftyChat. Read the recap (created by Sayfty).

Sayfty chat

Here is a sampling of the offline events that took place around the world:

  • Bahamas: Hollaback! Bahamas partnered with the College of the Bahamas for a chalking event along a main walkway on campus. The chalking will span four days, with an all-school break with artists on hand to help with the chalking on April 14.

Bahama

  • Egypt: HarassMap did awareness-raising actions at Mansoura University in Mansoura governorate
  • Guatemala: OCAC Guatemala launched a pilot street harassment mapping project, an interview with Congresswoman Sandra Moran, and a social media campaign.

4.11.16 OCAC campaign launch in Guatemala

  • India: Safecity shared the following:  After a series of discussions and campaign activities, seen here are Anjali and Sahil of Sanjay Camp who have come together with other girls and boys of their neighborhood to paint a mural on equal access to public spaces and opportunities. Girls spoke of their restricted choices and options when they step out of their houses and boys spoke of how that wasn’t a concern until they heard the girls talk about it. They are looking to change this together. This mural is part of their efforts for the ongoing International anti street harassment week, we are excited to see the mural they’ll end up painting!

4.11.16 Safecity India - Anjali and Sahil of Sanjay Camp painting a mural

  • The Philippines: Game Changers, a group of Communication Research students from University of the Philippines (UP Diliman), supported the Safe Cities Metro Manila Programme in the celebration of International Anti-Street Harassment Week with their original Photowalk posters in universities. ‪#‎EndSH‬ ‪#‎freefromfear‬.
 4.11.16 Safe Cities Metro Manila Programme  4.11.16 Safe Cities Metro Manila Programme with Game Changers, a group of Communication Research students from University of the Philippines 3  4.11.16 Safe Cities Metro Manila Programme with Game Changers, a group of Communication Research students from University of the Philippines 2
  • Iowa: End Street Harassment – Iowa City held a “Not in My Community: Music to Destroy Rape Culture!” event with local artists and organizations tabling with relevant information. [7-11 p.m., Public Space One] | Read about it in the Daily Iowan.
  • Illinois: CHLH 340 students at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign did tabling on the campus quad to discuss sexual assault portrayal in the media [11 a.m. – 3 p.m.]

4.11.16 U of IL tabling 2

There were a lot of virtual actions, campaigns and events too, including the launch of several Latin American OCAC organizations’ joint campaign #NoEsMiCultura — street harassment is not my culture. Join in across the week.

OCAC online campaign

ActionAid South Africa:

4.11.16 ActionAid South Africa

Safecity India is asking “What would your safe city look like?”

"These amazing girls we're working with in Indira Nagar, Jogeshwari (E) in partnership with Vacha Charitable Trust say, their safe city will have freedom for girls."
“These amazing girls we’re working with in Indira Nagar, Jogeshwari (E) in partnership with Vacha Charitable Trust say, their safe city will have freedom for girls.”

 

Check out this video made for Anti-Street Harassment Week in Cheltenham, UK, under the hashtag #cheltbitesback (written and voiced by Joy-Amy Wigman).

Remember to tag us in the photos of your actions with #EndSH or @StopStHarassmnt (on twitter and instagram) and if you have a pup, take their photo and tag them for #HoundsAgainstHarassment!

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Filed Under: anti-street harassment week Tagged With: Bahamas, Guatemala, India

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